A new study led by researchers at Trinity College has identified more than 30 distinct genes that impact vitamin D status, many of which were previously unknown. The research, published in the journal Nature Communications, involved collaborators from several institutions across Europe, including Maynooth University, and was built on extensive genetic data and satellite weather measurements.
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Vitamin D production in the skin is triggered by UVB radiation from sunlight. Typically, vitamin D levels are highest in summer and lowest at the end of winter. Due to lifestyle factors and the geographical position of Europe, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent across the continent.
The study utilized data from over 330,000 individuals in the UK Biobank and employed advanced measures of sunshine exposure, addressing a limitation of earlier research that often only compared summer and winter vitamin D levels. This study incorporated daily UVB measurements collected via satellite at each participant’s home address over five months prior to vitamin D testing, allowing for a much more accurate assessment of UVB exposure.
This approach led to the discovery of over 300 genetic variants associated with vitamin D levels, indicating its many roles in bodily functions. Notably, several of the newly identified genes are linked to circadian rhythms, suggesting a novel relationship between vitamin D status and the body’s natural 24-hour cycle. Although inconclusive in humans, many animals exhibit seasonal metabolic or behavioral changes.
Additionally, many identified genes are involved in steroid and lipid metabolism, implying a connection between body mass index (BMI) and vitamin D levels. This suggests that those deficient in vitamin D might also experience higher BMI, particularly given that BMI is known to fluctuate seasonally.
Some genes associated with the study produce enzymes necessary for the elimination of various molecules, including drugs and hormones. The research indicates that certain vitamin D metabolites may be recycled back into their active forms, which could change how vitamin D deficiency is assessed clinically.
The authors believe this study lays the groundwork for personalized vitamin D supplementation strategies by possibly integrating genetic profiles with environmental data, such as local sunshine availability.
Dr. Rasha Shraim, the study's lead author, emphasized the intricate relationship between genetic makeup and environmental influences, underscoring the potential health insights gained from this combined analysis.
Professor Lina Zgaga, the principal investigator, noted the historical significance of gene-environment interactions, stating that this study reveals how these factors are interconnected and offers a richer understanding of health.
The research highlights the necessity of accurately measuring environmental factors to enhance the understanding of inherited diseases, a sentiment echoed by Professor Ross McManus, who co-supervised the study.
The full paper titled ‘Genome-wide gene-environment interaction study uncovers 162 vitamin D status variants using a precise ambient UVB measure’ is available in Nature Communications.