Comparison of Plant-Based Drinks and Dairy Milk Reveals Mixed Results

A major claim is that plant-based drinks are healthier than cow’s milk, which has been assessed as false. Cow's milk contains easily digestible proteins essential for muscle maintenance, calcium for bone health, and a variety of vitamins and iodine, as highlighted by the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Meaningful levels of these micronutrients are typically present in fortified plant-based alternatives. Therefore, individuals eliminating dairy should carefully review ingredient lists to ensure they obtain necessary nutrients.

Another assertion is that organic plant-based drinks can replace cow's milk nutrients, which is also false. Despite being labeled as organic, these beverages often lack critical nutrients, such as calcium and iodine. Under the EU Organic Regulation 2018/848, adding vitamins and minerals to organic products is permitted only when mandated by law, and no such requirements exist for plant-based milk alternatives. Some manufacturers attempt to address this by blending ingredients like seaweed, which is rich in calcium, though this practice faces legal scrutiny.

Regarding allergies, while plant-based drinks may seem suitable for those with milk allergies or lactose intolerance, the claim that they are inherently better is mostly false. These alternatives may contain their own allergens derived from soya, nuts, gluten, or lupins, which need to be clearly labeled. The German Allergy and Asthma Association warns of potential contamination risks in production that can lead to unintended allergens in the final product.

Scientists partly support the idea that children need cow’s milk for healthy growth, stating that essential nutrients like calcium, iodine, and vitamin B12 found in milk are often absent or minimal in plant-based drinks. Consequently, specialists from Germany’s Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture suggest parents seeking dairy-free options obtain qualified nutritional advice to ensure children receive all vital nutrients. Limited data are available to assess the long-term health implications of high plant-based milk consumption during early childhood.

On environmental grounds, the claim that plant-based drinks are better for the climate is largely accurate. Cow's milk has a significant carbon footprint, consuming more land and water, and producing higher levels of greenhouse gases compared to plant alternatives, according to a 2018 review. However, there are disparities among plant-based options; for instance, while almond milk requires less land and generates fewer emissions than soya milk, it may consume more water and cause increased over-fertilization.

Finally, the assertion that milk and cheese derive only from animals is true, with exceptions for traditional terms like coconut milk or cocoa butter under European food law. Terms such as oat milk or soya cream are not allowed based on these regulations.