Research published in JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery indicates that GLP-1 medications, notably tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro), may help alleviate symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by consistently lowering apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) scores, which measure breathing interruptions during sleep.
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The study highlights significant improvements in AHI scores among users of tirzepatide, which may also contribute to a reduction in tongue fat. However, Dr. Ruchir P. Patel pointed out that while tirzepatide addresses obesity, a key risk factor for OSA, it does not account for other anatomical issues unrelated to fat.
Additionally, GLP-1 drugs might improve breathing stability by modifying respiratory control systems, leading to a reduction in apnea and hypopnea episodes by six to 22 occurrences per hour. In contrast, CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) machines reduce these episodes by approximately 31 events per hour, reaffirming their status as the preferred treatment for OSA.
Patel noted that significant weight loss, even through bariatric surgery, does not always completely eradicate OSA symptoms, suggesting that while GLP-1 medications may improve conditions, patients may still face risks associated with sleep apnea. Approximately 60% to 70% of patients with OSA are obese, making it the main modifiable risk factor.